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Sanicula mariversa
''Sanicula mariversa'' is a rare species of flowering plant in the carrot family known by the common name Waianae Range black-snakeroot. It is endemic to Hawaii, where it is known only from the Waianae Mountains on the island of Oahu. It is threatened by the degradation of its habitat. It is a federally listed endangered species of the United States.
This plant produces erect, branching stems 40 to 70 centimeters long from a thick caudex. The leaves have leathery, dark green, heart-shaped or kidney-shaped blades up to 15 centimeters long by 23 wide which are palmately divided into three to five dissected lobes. The inflorescence is a cluster of many tiny yellow flowers, each flower measuring only about a 0.1 centimeter long. The fruit, measuring about half a centimeter long, is covered in hooked prickles.〔Nagata, K. M. and S. M. Gon. (1987). (''Sanicula mariversa'' (Apiaceae), a New Species from 'Ohikilolo Ridge, Wai'anae Mountains, O'ahu in the Hawaiian Archipelago. ) ''Systematic Botany'' 12(3) 406-09.〕〔USFWS. (Determination of Endangered Status for 26 Plants from the Waianae Mountains, Island of Oahu, Hawaii. ) ''Federal Register'' October 29, 1991.〕 This species is a monocarpic perennial, growing for several years, flowering and fruiting only once, then dying.〔USFWS. (''Sanicula mariversa'' Five-year Review. ) January 2008.〕 The plant withers after its growing season each year and remains dormant for the rest of the year, which is probably why it was not officially collected until 1985 nor described to science until 1987.〔 The plant was named for its residence on a ridge overlooking the ocean.〔
This plant grows on the Makua-Keaau and Kaluaa-Lualualei Summit Ridges of the central Waianae Mountains.〔 The habitat is lower-elevation moist grassland.〔(''Sanicula mariversa''. ) The Nature Conservancy.〕 The plants grow in deep soil and in cracks in steep rock cliffs. The surrounding ground has a layer of mosses and lichens. The area has been invaded by non-native species of grasses including soft chess (''Bromus mollis'') and annual fescue (''Vulpia'' spp.). Another source of habitat degradation is the mountains' population of feral goats, which scale the slopes, breaking up the soil and causing erosion.〔
As of 2006 there were 18 mature individuals and 170 immature plants remaining.〔
==References==
抄文引用元・出典: フリー百科事典『 ウィキペディア（Wikipedia）』
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